---
title: "Marginal Effects for Location Scale Models"
output:
  html_document:
    toc: true
    toc_float:
      collapsed: false
      smooth_scroll: true
    toc_depth: 3
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{Marginal Effects for Location Scale Models}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---




```r
library(knitr)
library(data.table)
#> data.table 1.14.2 using 24 threads (see ?getDTthreads).  Latest news: r-datatable.com
library(brms)
#> Loading required package: Rcpp
#> Loading 'brms' package (version 2.17.0). Useful instructions
#> can be found by typing help('brms'). A more detailed introduction
#> to the package is available through vignette('brms_overview').
#> 
#> Attaching package: 'brms'
#> The following object is masked from 'package:stats':
#> 
#>     ar
library(brmsmargins)
```

This vignette provides a brief overview of how to calculate 
marginal effects for Bayesian location scale regression models,
involving fixed effects only or mixed effects 
(i.e., fixed and random) and fit using the `brms` package.

A simpler introduction and very brief overview and motivation
for marginal effects is available in the vignette for fixed 
effects only.

This vignette will focus on Gaussian location scale models fit 
with `brms`. Gaussian location scale models in `brms` have two 
distributional parameters (dpar):

- the mean or location (often labeled mu) of the distribution,
  which is the default parameter and has been examined in the 
  other vignettes.
- the variability or scale (often labeled sigma) of the distribution,
  which is not modeled as an outcome by default, but can be.
  
Location scale models allow things like assumptions of homogeneity of 
variance to be relaxed. In repeated measures data, random effects 
for the scale allow calculating and predicting
intraindividual variability (IIV).

## AMEs for Fixed Effects Location Scale Models

To start with, we will look at a fixed effects only location scale model.
We will simulate a dataset.


```r
d <- withr::with_seed(
  seed = 12345, code = {
    nObs <- 1000L
    d <- data.table(
      grp = rep(0:1, each = nObs / 2L),
      x = rnorm(nObs, mean = 0, sd = 0.25))
    d[, y := rnorm(nObs,
                   mean = x + grp,
                   sd = exp(1 + x + grp))]
    copy(d)
  })

ls.fe <- brm(bf(
  y ~ 1 + x + grp,
  sigma ~ 1 + x + grp),
  family = "gaussian",
  data = d, seed = 1234,
  silent = 2, refresh = 0,
  chains = 4L, cores = 4L, backend = "cmdstanr")
#> Compiling Stan program...
```



```r
summary(ls.fe)
#>  Family: gaussian 
#>   Links: mu = identity; sigma = log 
#> Formula: y ~ 1 + x + grp 
#>          sigma ~ 1 + x + grp
#>    Data: d (Number of observations: 1000) 
#>   Draws: 4 chains, each with iter = 2000; warmup = 1000; thin = 1;
#>          total post-warmup draws = 4000
#> 
#> Population-Level Effects: 
#>                 Estimate Est.Error l-95% CI u-95% CI Rhat Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS
#> Intercept          -0.09      0.12    -0.33     0.15 1.00     4829     3553
#> sigma_Intercept     1.01      0.03     0.94     1.07 1.00     4696     3023
#> x                   1.62      0.45     0.75     2.49 1.00     4470     2830
#> grp                 1.02      0.35     0.34     1.69 1.00     2526     2684
#> sigma_x             0.85      0.09     0.67     1.02 1.00     4878     3309
#> sigma_grp           1.01      0.05     0.92     1.09 1.00     4425     2871
#> 
#> Draws were sampled using sample(hmc). For each parameter, Bulk_ESS
#> and Tail_ESS are effective sample size measures, and Rhat is the potential
#> scale reduction factor on split chains (at convergence, Rhat = 1).
```

Now we can use `brmsmargins()`. By default, it will 
be for the location parameter, the mean. As this is 
a Gaussian linear model with no transformations and 
not interactions, the AMEs are the same as the 
regression coefficients.

Here is an example continuous AME.


```r
h <- .001
ame1 <- brmsmargins(
  ls.fe,
  add = data.frame(x = c(0, h)),
  contrasts = cbind("AME x" = c(-1 / h, 1 / h)),
  CI = 0.95, CIType = "ETI",
  effects = "fixedonly")

knitr::kable(ame1$ContrastSummary, digits = 3)
```



|     M|   Mdn|    LL|    UL| PercentROPE| PercentMID|   CI|CIType |ROPE |MID |Label |
|-----:|-----:|-----:|-----:|-----------:|----------:|----:|:------|:----|:---|:-----|
| 1.623| 1.631| 0.746| 2.492|          NA|         NA| 0.95|ETI    |NA   |NA  |AME x |

Here is an AME for discrete / categorical predictors.


```r
ame2 <- brmsmargins(
  ls.fe,
  at = data.frame(grp = c(0, 1)),
  contrasts = cbind("AME grp" = c(-1, 1)),
  CI = 0.95, CIType = "ETI",
  effects = "fixedonly")

knitr::kable(ame2$ContrastSummary, digits = 3)
```



|     M|  Mdn|    LL|   UL| PercentROPE| PercentMID|   CI|CIType |ROPE |MID |Label   |
|-----:|----:|-----:|----:|-----------:|----------:|----:|:------|:----|:---|:-------|
| 1.016| 1.02| 0.343| 1.69|          NA|         NA| 0.95|ETI    |NA   |NA  |AME grp |

In `brms` the scale parameter for Gaussian models,
`sigma` uses a log link function. Therefore when back
transformed to the original scale, the AMEs will not 
be the same as the regression coefficients which are on
the link scale (log transformed).

We specify that we want AMEs for `sigma` by setting:
`dpar = "sigma"`. Here is a continuous example.


```r
h <- .001
ame3 <- brmsmargins(
  ls.fe,
  add = data.frame(x = c(0, h)),
  contrasts = cbind("AME x" = c(-1 / h, 1 / h)),
  CI = 0.95, CIType = "ETI", dpar = "sigma",
  effects = "fixedonly")

knitr::kable(ame3$ContrastSummary, digits = 3)
```



|     M|   Mdn|    LL|    UL| PercentROPE| PercentMID|   CI|CIType |ROPE |MID |Label |
|-----:|-----:|-----:|-----:|-----------:|----------:|----:|:------|:----|:---|:-----|
| 4.463| 4.456| 3.488| 5.442|          NA|         NA| 0.95|ETI    |NA   |NA  |AME x |

Here is a discrete / categorical example.


```r
ame4 <- brmsmargins(
  ls.fe,
  at = data.frame(grp = c(0, 1)),
  contrasts = cbind("AME grp" = c(-1, 1)),
  CI = 0.95, CIType = "ETI", dpar = "sigma",
  effects = "fixedonly")

knitr::kable(ame4$ContrastSummary, digits = 3)
```



|     M|   Mdn|    LL|    UL| PercentROPE| PercentMID|   CI|CIType |ROPE |MID |Label   |
|-----:|-----:|-----:|-----:|-----------:|----------:|----:|:------|:----|:---|:-------|
| 4.907| 4.905| 4.409| 5.436|          NA|         NA| 0.95|ETI    |NA   |NA  |AME grp |

These results are comparable to the mean difference in standard 
deviation by `grp`. Note that in general, these may not closely 
align. However, in this instance as `x` and `grp` were simulated 
to be uncorrelated, the simple unadjusted results match the 
regression results closely.


```r
d[, .(SD = sd(y)), by = grp][, diff(SD)]
```

[1] 4.976021

## AMEs for Mixed Effects Location Scale Models

We will simulate some multilevel location scale data for model
and fit the mixed effects location scale model.


```r
dmixed <- withr::with_seed(
  seed = 12345, code = {
    nGroups <- 100
    nObs <- 20
    theta.location <- matrix(rnorm(nGroups * 2), nrow = nGroups, ncol = 2)
    theta.location[, 1] <- theta.location[, 1] - mean(theta.location[, 1])
    theta.location[, 2] <- theta.location[, 2] - mean(theta.location[, 2])
    theta.location[, 1] <- theta.location[, 1] / sd(theta.location[, 1])
    theta.location[, 2] <- theta.location[, 2] / sd(theta.location[, 2])
    theta.location <- theta.location %*% chol(matrix(c(1.5, -.25, -.25, .5^2), 2))
    theta.location[, 1] <- theta.location[, 1] - 2.5
    theta.location[, 2] <- theta.location[, 2] + 1
    dmixed <- data.table(
      x = rep(rep(0:1, each = nObs / 2), times = nGroups))
    dmixed[, ID := rep(seq_len(nGroups), each = nObs)]

    for (i in seq_len(nGroups)) {
      dmixed[ID == i, y := rnorm(
        n = nObs,
        mean = theta.location[i, 1] + theta.location[i, 2] * x,
        sd = exp(1 + theta.location[i, 1] + theta.location[i, 2] * x))
        ]
    }
    copy(dmixed)
  })

ls.me <- brm(bf(
  y ~ 1 + x + (1 + x | ID),
  sigma ~ 1 + x + (1 + x | ID)),
  family = "gaussian",
  data = dmixed, seed = 1234,
  silent = 2, refresh = 0,
  chains = 4L, cores = 4L, backend = "cmdstanr")
#> Compiling Stan program...
#> Warning: 102 of 4000 (3.0%) transitions hit the maximum treedepth limit of 10.
#> See https://mc-stan.org/misc/warnings for details.
```

Note that this model has not achieved good convergence, but 
as it already took about 6 minutes to run,
for the sake of demonstration we continue. In practice, 
one would want to make adjustments to ensure good convergence 
and an adequate effective sample size.


```r
summary(ls.me)
#>  Family: gaussian 
#>   Links: mu = identity; sigma = log 
#> Formula: y ~ 1 + x + (1 + x | ID) 
#>          sigma ~ 1 + x + (1 + x | ID)
#>    Data: dmixed (Number of observations: 2000) 
#>   Draws: 4 chains, each with iter = 2000; warmup = 1000; thin = 1;
#>          total post-warmup draws = 4000
#> 
#> Group-Level Effects: 
#> ~ID (Number of levels: 100) 
#>                              Estimate Est.Error l-95% CI u-95% CI Rhat Bulk_ESS
#> sd(Intercept)                    1.19      0.09     1.03     1.37 1.02      211
#> sd(x)                            0.42      0.04     0.35     0.51 1.00      862
#> sd(sigma_Intercept)              1.27      0.09     1.11     1.47 1.01      536
#> sd(sigma_x)                      0.50      0.05     0.41     0.61 1.00     1569
#> cor(Intercept,x)                -0.40      0.12    -0.61    -0.16 1.00      577
#> cor(sigma_Intercept,sigma_x)    -0.36      0.11    -0.55    -0.13 1.00     1516
#>                              Tail_ESS
#> sd(Intercept)                     519
#> sd(x)                            1634
#> sd(sigma_Intercept)               819
#> sd(sigma_x)                      2418
#> cor(Intercept,x)                 1159
#> cor(sigma_Intercept,sigma_x)     2200
#> 
#> Population-Level Effects: 
#>                 Estimate Est.Error l-95% CI u-95% CI Rhat Bulk_ESS Tail_ESS
#> Intercept          -2.55      0.12    -2.77    -2.33 1.03      105      300
#> sigma_Intercept    -1.48      0.13    -1.72    -1.22 1.02      217      388
#> x                   0.94      0.06     0.83     1.06 1.00      572     1550
#> sigma_x             0.97      0.06     0.85     1.09 1.00     1031     1892
#> 
#> Draws were sampled using sample(hmc). For each parameter, Bulk_ESS
#> and Tail_ESS are effective sample size measures, and Rhat is the potential
#> scale reduction factor on split chains (at convergence, Rhat = 1).
```

We use `brmsmargins()` similar as for other mixed effects models.
For more details see the vignette on marginal effects for 
mixed effects models.

Here is an example treating `x` as continuous using only the 
fixed effects for the AME for the scale parameter, `sigma`.


```r
h <- .001
ame1a.lsme <- brmsmargins(
  ls.me,
  add = data.frame(x = c(0, h)),
  contrasts = cbind("AME x" = c(-1 / h, 1 / h)),
  dpar = "sigma",
  effects = "fixedonly")

knitr::kable(ame1a.lsme$ContrastSummary, digits = 3)
```



|     M|   Mdn|    LL|    UL| PercentROPE| PercentMID|   CI|CIType |ROPE |MID |Label |
|-----:|-----:|-----:|-----:|-----------:|----------:|----:|:------|:----|:---|:-----|
| 0.408| 0.404| 0.283| 0.555|          NA|         NA| 0.99|HDI    |NA   |NA  |AME x |

Here is the example again, this time integrating out the random effects,
which results in a considerable difference in the estimate of the AME.


```r
h <- .001
ame1b.lsme <- brmsmargins(
  ls.me,
  add = data.frame(x = c(0, h)),
  contrasts = cbind("AME x" = c(-1 / h, 1 / h)),
  dpar = "sigma",
  effects = "integrateoutRE", k = 100L, seed = 1234)

knitr::kable(ame1b.lsme$ContrastSummary, digits = 3)
```



|     M|   Mdn|    LL|    UL| PercentROPE| PercentMID|   CI|CIType |ROPE |MID |Label |
|-----:|-----:|-----:|-----:|-----------:|----------:|----:|:------|:----|:---|:-----|
| 0.804| 0.766| 0.391| 1.575|          NA|         NA| 0.99|HDI    |NA   |NA  |AME x |

Here is an example treating `x` as discrete, using only 
the fixed effects.



```r
ame2a.lsme <- brmsmargins(
  ls.me,
  at = data.frame(x = c(0, 1)),
  contrasts = cbind("AME x" = c(-1, 1)),
  dpar = "sigma",
  effects = "fixedonly")

knitr::kable(ame2a.lsme$ContrastSummary)
```



|         M|       Mdn|        LL|       UL| PercentROPE| PercentMID|   CI|CIType |ROPE |MID |Label |
|---------:|---------:|---------:|--------:|-----------:|----------:|----:|:------|:----|:---|:-----|
| 0.3782473| 0.3750965| 0.2673526| 0.509232|          NA|         NA| 0.99|HDI    |NA   |NA  |AME x |

Here is the example again, this time integrating out the random effects,
likely the more appropriate estimate for most use cases.


```r
ame2b.lsme <- brmsmargins(
  ls.me,
  at = data.frame(x = c(0, 1)),
  contrasts = cbind("AME x" = c(-1, 1)),
  dpar = "sigma",
  effects = "integrateoutRE", k = 100L, seed = 1234)

knitr::kable(ame2b.lsme$ContrastSummary)
```



|         M|       Mdn|        LL|       UL| PercentROPE| PercentMID|   CI|CIType |ROPE |MID |Label |
|---------:|---------:|---------:|--------:|-----------:|----------:|----:|:------|:----|:---|:-----|
| 0.7127988| 0.6795497| 0.3513727| 1.382269|          NA|         NA| 0.99|HDI    |NA   |NA  |AME x |

This also is relatively close calculating all the 
individual standard deviations and taking their differences,
then averaging.


```r
dmixed[, .(SD = sd(y)), by = .(ID, x)
       ][, .(SDdiff = diff(SD)), by = ID][, mean(SDdiff)]
#> [1] 0.6281889
```
